Chemicals
From Wikimarcellus
Most drilling fluid is made up of water and sand. Those chemicals used in it for hydro-fracturing are mainly non-toxic and reduce corrosion, retard bacterial growth and improve down-hole lubrication. In any event, they consist of less than 1/2 of 1% of the fluid.
However, there are also examples of chemicals reported to have been used that are toxins and/or carcinogens. These include benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene and xylene. Their use obviously may raise public concern. For example, benzene is extremely dangerous in concentrations as small as one part per million. It is a known carcinogen.
Field service companies have voluntarily stopped using diesel fuel in fracturing fluids due to public concerns over it being a possible source of benzene contamination.
When water samples are analyzed from well water or other sources, signs that they may be tainted with fracing fluid chemicals include unusual readings on:
- alkalinity
- aluminum
- barium
- calcium
- iron
- hardness
- manganese
- pH
- potassium
- specific conductivity
- sodium
- total dissolved solids.
The 2005 Energy Policy Act clarified that hydro-fracturing was never regulated under the Safe Drinking Water Act of 1974 (SDWA), and drilling companies have not been required to disclose the ingredients used to frac gas wells under SDWA. However, individual states have heavily regulated fracturing activities for decades. Frac chemicals have always been a matter for state regulation, and very few, if any, examples of drinking water contamination have ever been reported. That is not to say contamination issues never exist, yet rather appear quite minimal despite any environmental concerns to the contrary.
During 2011, the field service companies began introducing lines of biodegradable, non-toxic fracing chemicals. Halliburton introduced a product called CleanStim that was made up of chemicals used primarily in food processing. Baker Hughes began marketing a product named BJ SmartCare made up of substances used in toothpaste and condiments. Yet another company, Flotek tested a biodegradable product that used citrus products as main constituents.
Resources
PA Dept. of Environmental Protection (DEP), Summary of Hydraulic Fracture Solutions.
